"Based on this exhaustive assessment, we concluded that our mangrove ecosystem is very vibrant and holds very special species. It brings a lot of value in terms of carbon capture and serves as a home to many birds, and other creatures," said Mohamed Omar.

Another important role played by the mangrove ecosystem is that it protects the coast area from erosion. Interestingly, as opposed to the global trends where mangrove ecosystems are decreasing, they are actually thriving around the Red Sea. KAUST HSE studies have shown that our mangrove populations at KAUST have increased by about 20% in the last ten years.

Designating 152 hectares for nature conservation and research

Professor Carlos Duarte, Director of the Red Sea Research Center at KAUST, is an expert in mangrove ecosystems. He has also conducted similar studies. His group's data matched with the marine study conducted by the KAUST Environmental Protection unit of HSE. In light of the fact that other faculty members were also engaged in studying mangroves, the discussion around establishing a field station gained traction.

"Over the history of KAUST there's been already significant work on the mangroves and also some of the other ecosystems in our coastal waters. We have published more than twelve papers already based on the mangroves that we see when we walk on the beach. But up to now it was relatively difficult even to access them because of the security regulations to access our coastal waters. So even though they are just at our fingertips, working with them was a bit challenging," explained Professor Duarte.

This is why, given the healthy status of the mangroves, the interest of researchers and the efficiency of working on coastal waters, it became convenient to designate an area of coastal waters for research at KAUST.

152 hectares of protected area reserved for nature conservation and research, sign of KAUST’s commitment to biodiversity. Image credit, Health, Safety and Environment Department.

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It was agreed that no building would be built to minimize the environmental impact. It would be a nature conservation area, spanning 152 hectares and dedicated to research. This was the starting point of the collaboration to establish the Ibn Sina Field Research Station & Nature Conservation Area.

One of the other KAUST faculty members studying the mangroves around KAUST is bioscience professor Daniele Daffonchio. His group is interested in studying the disturbance made by animals in the sediment, in particular crabs. The mangrove crabs make burrows in the sand, which leave the sediments open to air. This air penetration affects the sand's exposure to oxygen, which in turns affects the overall mangrove ecosystem. Daffonchio and his team have installed in the area a logging station to measure solar irradiance, temperature and tidal cycles.

Sand bubbler crabs Dotilla sulcata inhabiting the mangrove the 'Ibn Sina' field research station. Despite the little dimension, it can occur with a density higher than 80 specimens per square meter, making this species one of the most ecological relevant species in Red Sea mangrove forest. Photo credit: Marco Fusi

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From an environmental perspective, Daffonchio points out that unlike other places along the Red Sea where he has sampled, such as Jizan and Farasan Island, where he can find traces of pollution, plastics and other materials, the protected area at KAUST will be an ideal setting as a research station.

Deploying sophisticated data-collecting instruments

"Also because the area is tightly protected, it means that we can deploy expensive instruments and other sophisticated equipment, collecting high quality data, in the water without the risk of them being removed by fishermen," added Duarte.

Some of the data collection, and resulting research, which will now be made possible include the deployment of advanced logging instruments to study the growth and types of algae in the coastal waters near the King Abdullah Monument.

"The one-hour resolution, which will be an unprecedented resolution, will help us to look at the dynamics of plankton. We also hope to look at the growth and population dynamics of seaweed and seagrass," said Duarte. "Even though it's a small area, it has a bit of everything. The fact that it will not be disturbed allows us to investigate in terms of experimental designs over the long-term."

Professor Susana Agusti, also from the Red Sea Research Center, is working on the deployment of a state-of-the-art buoy close to KAM. This piece of equipment will gather daily or hourly samples of the plankton and send back data through an Internet connection.

"Conventional sampling techniques required going to sea to take samples. Then returning to the lab and examining the samples under the microscope and other instruments. This precludes sampling at the high-frequency scales (days or hours) required to capture the demographic dynamics of these fast growing organisms. The deployment of automatized instruments in the buoy enable the continuous sampling of plankton and will catalyze new discoveries," said Agustin.

Mangroves, KAUST is home to more than 90 hectares of thriving mangrove forest that have grown about 20 percent in the last decade. Image credit, Health, Safety and Environment Department.

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Establishing a base of knowledge for the Red Sea

It's also important to note that, unlike other marine environments with a longer track record of scientific inquiry, much remains unknown about the Red Sea. "We plan to monitor the plankton at the reliable time scales of changes, and this will help predict future responses," said Agusti. "We will be pioneering this kind of information from the Red Sea."

The changing environment, as observed in the rising temperatures of the Red Sea, makes the KAUST coastal waters a living laboratory not only for Saudi Arabia, but will also help predict how other organisms and ecosystems elsewhere will progress as global temperatures rise.

The team is planning some interesting ways to engage the community in this important institutional conservation effort. This includes the installation of a webcam that will allow KAUST residents to observe the marine environment from home.