A team of international researchers led by KAUST has developed a genomic resource for the wild grass species Tausch’s goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii) which will accelerate gene discovery research while also shedding new light on the story of wheat’s evolutionary genetics. 

The modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) evolved from the hybridization of three wild grass species. One of these (Ae. tauschii) is known as the donor of the bread wheat D genome. Today, wild wheat relatives represent a genetic reservoir of potential beneficial genes that could be used to improve modern wheat varieties. 

KAUST researchers Brande Wulff and Simon Krattinger have collaborated on many projects to clone genes from wheat and wild plant relatives, as well as identifying the role of various compounds in wheat disease resistance. Now, Ph.D. researchers in the two groups, Emile Cavalet-Giorsa and Andrea Gonzalez-Munoz, together with post doc Naveenkumar Athiyannan, have led an international research project that establishes a comprehensive set of genomic resources for Ae. tauschii. 

The Ae. tauschii pangenome 

The Wulff lab has led the effort to generate a pangenome for the species as a genomics resource for resistance gene discovery. 

From an initial 900 accessions of Ae. tauschii, the researchers compiled 493 genetically distinct accessions. They then reached out to the Open Wild Wheat Consortium (OWWC) to select accessions with traits of interest to other researchers. This was critical to the project, which required a large investment of resources. The OWWC is a major international collaboration to improve wheat by exploring useful genetic diversity in wild crop relatives. The consortium brings together research groups and researchers from 15 countries around the world. 

“Many of the accessions we selected have disease resistance genes or agronomic traits of interest, such as stress tolerance,” explains Gonzalez-Munoz. “Other researchers in the OWWC are using these lines so they benefit from having a high quality genome assembly.” 

After this input and screening to ensure the genetic diversity of the species was represented, the team compiled 46 high-quality genome assemblies of Ae. tauschii. 

Gene discovery 

The value of these gene assemblies is their potential for gene discovery. Gonzalez-Munoz and Athiyannan next screened the assemblies to identify rust resistance genes.  

A stem rust resistance gene introgressed into bread wheat from one of the Ae. tauschii accessions was genetically mapped to the stem rust resistance locus Sr33.  

“In the case of the stem rust gene (Sr66), until now we have lacked an assembly that had both Sr33 and Sr66 in the same accession,” says Athiyannan.  

“Earlier work had led us to question whether they were two separate genes or alleles of the same gene.  

“Now, thanks to finding this accession that contains both genes located in different positions, we can confirm that they are different genes,” he explains. 

In another significant finding, the researchers also identified a leaf rust resistance gene which encodes the recently emerging resistance class wheat tandem kinase protein with unique integrated domains.  

Gonzalez-Munoz is now using the resources to uncover a gene that has a trait associated with stress tolerance 

Origin and evolution of the wheat D genome 

Cavalet-Giorsa, meanwhile focused on analyzing the wheat genome. “Wheat has a lot of introgressions, i.e. hybridization that occurred naturally from wild relatives,” he says. 

“Characterizing these – understanding the contribution from different wild relatives – is important to explain the diversity and adaptability of wheat and perhaps also its evolutionary history.” 

These introgressions were a major driver to bring back genetic diversity following a massive genetic bottleneck. Without these early introgressions, it is unlikely that bread wheat would have become such a widely cultivated crop. 

“We have developed tools that have allowed us for the first time to trace and track the dynamics of a particular introgression (L3) in detail,” notes Cavalet-Giorsa.  

This work opens up new questions for wheat genomics and breeding, particularly with a focus on adaptation. 

Reference: Emile Cavalet-Giorsa, Andrea González-Muñoz, Naveenkumar Athiyannan, Samuel Holden, Adil Salhi, Catherine Gardener, Jesús Quiroz-Chávez, Samira M. Rustamova, Ahmed F. Elkot, Mehran Patpour, Awais Rasheed, Long Mao, Evans S. Lagudah, Sambasivam K. Periyannan, Amir Sharon, Axel Himmelbach, Jochen C. Reif, Manuela Knauft, Martin Mascher, Nils Stein, Noam Chayut, Sreya Ghosh, Dragan Perovic, Alexander Putra, Ana B. Perera, Chia-Yi Hu, Guotai Yu, Hanin Ibrahim Ahmed, Konstanze D. Laquai, Luis F. Rivera, Renjie Chen, Yajun Wang, Xin Gao, Sanzhen Liu, W. John Raupp, Eric L. Olson, Jong-Yeol Lee, Parveen Chhuneja, Satinder Kaur, Peng Zhang, Robert F. Park, Yi Ding, Deng-Cai Liu, Wanlong Li, Firuza Y. Nasyrova, Jan Dvorak, Mehrdad Abbasi, Meng Li, Naveen Kumar, Wilku B. Meyer, Willem H. P. Boshoff, Brian J. Steffenson, Oadi Matny, Parva K. Sharma, Vijay K. Tiwari, Surbhi Grewal, Curtis Pozniak, Harmeet Singh Chawla, Jennifer Ens, Luke T. Dunning, James A. Kolmer, Gerard R. Lazo, Steven Xu, Yongqiang Gu, Xianyang Xu, Cristobal Uauy, Michael Abrouk, Salim Bougouffa, Gurcharn S. Brar, Brande B. H. Wulff, Simon G. Krattinger. Origin and evolution of the bread wheat D genome. Nature (2024)  

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.29.568958